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Organic Egg Consumption: A Systematic Review of Aspects Related to Human Health.
Mesas, AE, Fernández-Rodríguez, R, Martínez-Vizcaíno, V, López-Gil, JF, Fernández-Franco, S, Bizzozero-Peroni, B, Garrido-Miguel, M
Frontiers in nutrition. 2022;9:937959
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Recently, there has been an increase in organic food consumption. Among the specific foods included in worldwide dietary patterns that are organically produced is the chicken egg. The aim of this study was to synthesize the available evidence on the association between organic egg consumption and human health. This study is systematic review of three studies. This study shows that: - two of the studies reported favourable results in terms of higher serum carotenoid levels and lower levels of specific inflammatory markers associated with the consumption of organic eggs. - scientific evidence has thus far not focused on whether organic eggs are directly associated with health benefits but on the nutritional value of organic foods compared to conventional foods which in turn could lead to advantages for human health. Authors conclude organic eggs may have nutritional advantages over conventional or non-organic eggs, possibly related to the higher levels of carotenoids and the reduction in the inflammatory potential of the diet. However, their findings are limited thus no firm conclusions can be drawn about the benefits of organic eggs on human health.
Abstract
Consumption of organic foods has increased recently, but evidence about their potential health benefits is still limited. This systematic review aims to synthesize the available scientific evidence on the association between organic egg consumption and human health. We searched for peer-reviewed articles on this subject indexed in the MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science and Cochrane Library databases from the inception date to April 13, 2022. This review was based on PRISMA guideline recommendations. Three studies on organic egg consumption in humans were included. After 8 weeks of consuming organic eggs, one randomized crossover trial found that participants had higher serum concentrations of the beta-carotene lutein compared to the period without consuming organic eggs. Moreover, in a cross-sectional study with nationally representative data from Americans over the age of 50, it was found that consumption of organic eggs was associated with lower levels of the inflammatory markers C-reactive protein and cystine C compared with conventional eggs. Finally, in a cohort of children aged 0 to 2 years, no significant association was observed between consuming organic eggs and the risk of eczema. In conclusion, the evidence about the potential benefits of organic egg consumption and human health is promising but still requires further research. A human research agenda is proposed based on laboratory studies pointing out that organic eggs have a more desirable nutritional profile than conventional eggs.
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Does the evidence support a relationship between higher levels of nut consumption, lower risk of depression, and better mood state in the general population? A systematic review.
Fernández-Rodríguez, R, Jiménez-López, E, Garrido-Miguel, M, Martínez-Ortega, IA, Martínez-Vizcaíno, V, Mesas, AE
Nutrition reviews. 2022;(10):2076-2088
Abstract
CONTEXT Dietary patterns play a key role in mental health, depression, and mood state. However, the evidence concerning specific foods highly recommended for mental health, such as nuts, has not yet been synthesized. OBJECTIVE The objective of this review was to synthesize the evidence for a relationship between higher levels of nut consumption, lower risk of depression, and better mood state in the general population. DATA SOURCES The MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane Central, Web of Science, and PsycInfo databases were systematically searched from each database's inception to March 2021. DATA EXTRACTION Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and observational studies exploring the association between nut consumption, level of depression, and mood state in the general population were included. The quality of the studies was measured through the Joanna Briggs Institute tool (cross-sectional studies), the NIH Quality Assessment Tool (cohort studies), and the Cochrane Risk-of-Bias tool (RCTs). The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were followed. DATA ANALYSIS A total of 10 studies involving 66 418 individuals were included, of which 3 were cross-sectional, 3 were cohort studies, and 4 were RCTs. In studies concerned with depression (n = 6 studies), a higher level of nut consumption was associated with a lower risk of depression in 2 cross-sectional studies and 1 cohort study, while a similar but nonsignificant association was found in another cohort and in two RCTs. In studies concerned with mood state (n = 4), 1 cohort study reported an association between higher nut consumption and significant improvement in mood state, whereas (nonsignificant) associations between higher nut consumption and increased negative feelings were reported in a cross-sectional study and two RCTs. CONCLUSION Despite the small number of studies and the limitations related to them, such as reverse causation bias, overall, the available literature suggests that higher nut consumption could be associated with a lower risk of depression, fewer depressive symptoms, and better mood state in the general population. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration no. CRD42021241070.
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The effectiveness of a high-intensity interval games intervention in schoolchildren: A cluster-randomized trial.
Martínez-Vizcaíno, V, Soriano-Cano, A, Garrido-Miguel, M, Cavero-Redondo, I, Medio, EP, Madrid, VM, Martínez-Hortelano, JA, Berlanga-Macías, C, Sánchez-López, M
Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports. 2022;(4):765-781
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a high-intensity interval training (HIIT) intervention based on playground games (MOVI-daFit!) on improvements in adiposity, physical fitness, and cardiometabolic risk factors in schoolchildren. A cluster-randomized controlled trial (RCT) was performed that included 562 schoolchildren (9-11 years) from 10 schools in Cuenca, Spain. The intervention consisted of four 60-min sessions per week in the school setting. Analyses were conducted on the intention-to-treat basis. Changes in physical fitness parameters (cardiorespiratory fitness: main outcome), body composition, blood pressure, and biochemical cardiometabolic risk parameters were analyzed using both mixed linear and logistic regression models, controlling for baseline covariates, Tanner stages, health dietary score index, body mass index, and cluster factor school. In boys, no significant differences in any outcome measure were noted except for the standing long jump test (10.13 cm; 95% CI 2.94 to 17.32; p = 0.006) between the intervention group (IG) and the control group (CG). Improvements in mean arterial pressure (-1.68 mmHg; 95% CI -3.28 to -0.08; p = 0.039), the triglyceride/HDL-c ratio (-0.36 mg/dl; 95% CI -0.59 to -0.13; p = 0.002), C-reactive protein (-0.23 mg/L; 95% CI -0.43 to -0.03), VO2 max (1.44 ml/kg/min; 95% CI 0.52 to 2.36, p = 0.002), 20-m shuttle run test (3.64 laps; 95% CI 0.51 to 6.78), and standing long jump test (7.04 cm; 95% CI 1.21 to 12.87; p = 0.018) were observed in girls in the IG compared with those in the CG. Body composition parameters did not change significantly in either boys or girls. Additionally, children with lower fitness levels obtained greater improvements than children with higher fitness levels. In conclusion, MOVI-daFit! may represent a good strategy for incorporating HIIT into playground games, although its implementation may need to be improved to extend the benefits to children and enhance its adherence.
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Egg Consumption and Blood Lipid Parameters According to the Presence of Chronic Metabolic Disorders: The EVIDENT II Study.
Mesas, AE, Garrido-Miguel, M, Fernández-Rodríguez, R, Fernández Franco, S, Lugones-Sánchez, C, García-Ortiz, L, Martínez-Vizcaíno, V
The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2022;(3):e963-e972
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Abstract
CONTEXT Egg consumption is one of the main dietary sources of cholesterol, but whether individuals who eat more eggs have a worse blood lipid profile remains controversial. OBJECTIVE We examined the relationship between egg consumption and lipid parameters and explored whether this relationship changes according to the presence of chronic metabolic disorders. METHODS A multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted with adult participants in the EVIDENT II trial. Adjusted linear regression models were stratified by the main chronic metabolic disorders. RESULTS Among the 728 participants (61.9% women, mean age 52.1 ± 11.9 years), the mean egg consumption was equivalent to 5 to 6 eggs per week for a 70-kg individual. In the fully adjusted analysis, no association was found of egg consumption with total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), and triglyceride levels. Furthermore, compared with the first quartile of consumption, the fourth quartile was associated with lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) levels (coefficient -7.01; 95% CI -13.39, -0.62) and a lower LDL-c/HDL-c ratio (coefficient -0.24, 95% CI -0.41, -0.06). In the analyses stratified by chronic metabolic diseases, higher egg consumption was not associated with lipid profile in those with obesity, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, or treated with hypolipidemic drugs, and was associated with a better lipid profile in participants without these conditions. CONCLUSION Higher egg consumption was not associated with blood lipids in individuals with chronic metabolic disorders. In individuals without such conditions, the lipid profile was better among those who consumed more eggs. Our findings support current guidelines recommending eggs as part of a healthy diet.
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Nut consumption, body weight, and adiposity in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Fernández-Rodríguez, R, Martínez-Vizcaíno, V, Garrido-Miguel, M, Martínez-Ortega, IA, Álvarez-Bueno, C, Eumann Mesas, A
Nutrition reviews. 2022;(4):645-655
Abstract
CONTEXT It seems that nut consumption does not lead to weight gain in the general population. However, fewer studies have explored this relationship in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D). PURPOSE To synthesize evidence on the effects of nut (specifically, tree nuts and peanuts) consumption on adiposity-related measures in individuals diagnosed with T2D. DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SELECTION Four databases were searched up to December 31, 2020. Randomized controlled trials that examined the effects of nut consumption vs a control diet on body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, and percent body fat were included. DATA EXTRACTION The pooled effect sizes (p-ESs) and 95%CIs of nut consumption were estimated using random effects models. DATA SYNTHESIS A total of 15 randomized controlled trials including 899 individuals were included. No significant effects of nut-enriched interventions were found for body weight (p-ES = -0.04; 95%CI: -0.16 to 0.08), body mass index (p-ES = -0.05; 95%CI: -0.17 to 0.08), waist circumference (p-ES = -0.02; 95%CI: -0.20 to 0.15), or percent body fat (p-ES = -0.03; 95%CI: -0.28 to 0.21). CONCLUSION Nut consumption has no effect, positive or negative, on weight or adiposity parameters in people with T2D.
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Effectiveness of Fixed-Dose Combination Therapy (Polypill) Versus Exercise to Improve the Blood-Lipid Profile: A Network Meta-analysis.
Martínez-Vizcaíno, V, Amaro-Gahete, FJ, Fernández-Rodríguez, R, Garrido-Miguel, M, Cavero-Redondo, I, Pozuelo-Carrascosa, DP
Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.). 2022;(5):1161-1173
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both exercise and polypills are recommended treatments to improve the blood-lipid profile. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare head-to-head the effectiveness of polypill and exercise strategies in improving the blood-lipid profile in high-risk cardiovascular patients. METHODS We performed an electronic search in Web of Science, EMBASE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, MEDLINE and SPORTDiscus, from inception to August 2021. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) testing the effectiveness of exercise interventions or treatment with fixed-dose combination therapy (polypill) in improving the blood-lipid profile in adults with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease or presenting at least one well recognized cardiovascular risk factor were included. RESULTS A total of 131 RCTs were included: 15 and 116 studies analyzing the effects of polypills and exercise, respectively, on blood-lipid levels. Both exercise and polypill strategies were effective in reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) and total cholesterol (TC), but only exercise interventions improved high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) and triglyceride levels compared with the control group. The results of the network meta-analyses showed that the polypill without antiplatelet therapy was the most effective pharmacological treatment for improving the lipid profile, while aerobic interval exercise was the most effective exercise intervention. CONCLUSIONS Considering that both polypills and exercise are effective in reducing LDL-c and TC but only exercise improves HDL-c and triglycerides, and that exercise provides further health benefits (e.g., increases in physical fitness and decreases in adiposity), it seems reasonable to recommend exercise as the first treatment option in dyslipidemia when the patient's general condition and symptoms allow it. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42019122794.
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The Relationship of Tree Nuts and Peanuts with Adiposity Parameters: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis.
Fernández-Rodríguez, R, Mesas, AE, Garrido-Miguel, M, Martínez-Ortega, IA, Jiménez-López, E, Martínez-Vizcaíno, V
Nutrients. 2021;(7)
Abstract
The network meta-analysis and systematic review conducted aim to comparatively assess the effects of tree nuts and peanuts on body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and body fat percentage (BF%). A systematic search up to 31 December 2020 was performed. A random-effects network meta-analysis was conducted following the PRISMA-NMA statement. A total of 105 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with measures of BW (n = 6768 participants), BMI (n = 2918), WC (n = 5045), and BF% (n = 1226) were included. The transitivity assumption was met based on baseline characteristics. In the comparisons of nut consumption versus a control diet, there was no significant increase observed in any of the adiposity-related measures examined except for hazelnut-enriched diets, which raised WC. Moreover, almond-enriched diets significantly reduced WC compared to the control diet and to the pistachio-, mixed nuts-, and hazelnut-enriched diets. In subgroup analyses with only RCTs, designed to assess whether nut consumption affected weight loss, almonds were associated with reduced BMI and walnuts with reduced %BF. The evidence supports that: (1) tree nut and peanut consumption do not influence adiposity, and (2) compared to a control diet, the consumption of almond-enriched diets was associated with a reduced waist circumference.
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Relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and cardiorespiratory fitness in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis.
Berlanga-Macías, C, Álvarez-Bueno, C, Martínez-Hortelano, JA, Garrido-Miguel, M, Pozuelo-Carrascosa, DP, Martínez-Vizcaíno, V
Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports. 2020;(5):828-836
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exclusive breastfeeding has been examined as a determinant factor of cardiorespiratory fitness in children and adolescents; however, previous research has reported certain gaps and controversial conclusions related to the real effect of breastfeeding on cardiorespiratory fitness. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the relationship between breastfeeding, in terms of duration and exclusivity, and cardiorespiratory fitness in schoolchildren and adolescents aged four to 18 years. METHODS MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library were searched systematically from their inception to December 2019. Observational studies addressing the association between breastfeeding and cardiorespiratory fitness in children and adolescents were included. The random-effects method was used to estimate the pooled effect sizes and their respective 95% confidence intervals for all exclusive breastfeeding categories and cardiorespiratory fitness. Positive values indicated a direct relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and cardiorespiratory fitness. RESULTS Eight published articles were included (a total of 16 862 children and adolescents, aged from seven to 15 years). The pooled effect sizes for exclusive breastfeeding categories on cardiorespiratory fitness were as follows: 0.01 (-0.07 to 0.09) for less than 3 months; 0.09 (0.00 to 0.19) for 3-6 months; 0.07 (-0.01 to 0.16) for less than 6 months; and 0.14 (0.02 to 0.27) for more than 6 months. CONCLUSIONS The best current evidence indicates that longer exclusive breastfeeding is positively associated with higher cardiorespiratory fitness during childhood and adolescence.
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Monitoring gestational weight gain and prepregnancy BMI using the 2009 IOM guidelines in the global population: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Martínez-Hortelano, JA, Cavero-Redondo, I, Álvarez-Bueno, C, Garrido-Miguel, M, Soriano-Cano, A, Martínez-Vizcaíno, V
BMC pregnancy and childbirth. 2020;(1):649
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have reported a high prevalence of excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) in women with prepregnancy BMI classified as overweight and obese. However, the joint evidence regarding GWG and prepregnancy BMI in the worldwide population has not been synthesized. Thus, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate global and regional mean GWG and the prevalence of GWG above, within and below 2009 Institute of Medicine (IOM) guidelines. Second, we aimed to estimate global and regional prepregnancy BMI and the prevalence of BMI categories according to World Health Organization (WHO) classification. METHODS We searched Medline, Embase, the Cochrane Library and Web of Science to identify observational studies until 9 May 2018. We included studies published from 2009 that used 2009 IOM guidelines, reporting data from women in general population with singleton pregnancies. The 2009 IOM categories for GWG and the WHO categories for prepregnancy BMI were used. DerSimonian and Laird random effects methods were used to estimate the pooled and their respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) of the mean and by category rates of GWG and prepregnancy BMI, calculated by global and regions. RESULTS Sixty-three published studies from 29 countries with a total sample size of 1,416,915 women were included. The global prevalence of GWG above and below the 2009 IOM guidelines, was 27.8% (95% CI; 26.5, 29.1) and 39.4% (95% CI; 37.1, 41.7), respectively. Furthermore, meta-regression analyses showed that the mean GWG and the prevalence of GWG above guidelines have increased. The global prevalence of overweight and obesity, was 23.0% (95% CI; 22.3, 23.7) and 16.3% (95% CI; 15.4, 17.4), respectively. The highest mean GWG and prepregnancy BMI were in North America and the lowest were in Asia. CONCLUSIONS Considering the high prevalence of GWG above the 2009 IOM guidelines and women with overweight/obesity and their continuously increasing trend in most regions, clinicians should recommend lifestyle interventions to improve women's weight during reproductive age. Due to regional variability, these interventions should be adapted to each cultural context. TRIAL REGISTRATION Prospectively registered with PROSPERO ( CRD42018093562 ).
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Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and Its Association with Body Composition and Physical Fitness in Spanish University Students.
Cobo-Cuenca, AI, Garrido-Miguel, M, Soriano-Cano, A, Ferri-Morales, A, Martínez-Vizcaíno, V, Martín-Espinosa, NM
Nutrients. 2019;11(11)
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The Mediterranean diet (MD) represents a dietary pattern that incorporates healthy traditional eating habits which includes high consumption of vegetables, fruit, legumes, nuts, beans, whole grains, fish, and unsaturated fats, and low consumption of red meat and dairy products. The Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS-14 items) is a valid instrument for the estimation of adherence to the MD. The objectives of this study were to: 1. Estimate the prevalence of the adherence to the MD 2. Assess the association of adherence to the MD with physical fitness and body composition 3. Know the ability of each MEDAS item in the same sample to predict MD adherence. This study is a cross-sectional observational study which was performed with 310 first-year Spanish university students, aged between 18 and 30 years. Results indicate low prevalence of good adherence to the MD; and the participants with good adherence had high protein and low-fat intake compared to those with medium to low adherence. Furthermore, higher levels of physical fitness were also noticed amongst participants with good adherence to the MD. Twelve of the 14 items of the MEDAS score were associated with a high adherence to the MD. Authors conclude that MD adherence benefits both cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness amongst young adults.
Abstract
The aims of this study were to assess the association of adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) with physical fitness and body composition in Spanish university students and to determine the ability to predict the MD adherence of each Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS) item. A cross-sectional study was performed involving 310 first-year university students. Adherence to the MD was evaluated with MEDAS-14 items. Anthropometric variables, body composition, and physical fitness were assessed. Muscle strength was determined based on handgrip strength and the standing long jump test. Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) was measured using the Course-Navette test. Only 24% of the university students had good adherence to the MD. The ANCOVA models showed a significant difference between participants with high adherence to the MD and those with medium and low adherence in CRF (p = 0.017) and dynamometry (p = 0.005). Logistic binary regression showed that consuming >2 vegetables/day (OR = 20.1; CI: 10.1-30.1; p < 0.001), using olive oil (OR = 10.6; CI: 1.4-19.8; p = 0.021), consuming <3 commercial sweets/week (OR = 10.1; IC: 5.1-19.7; p < 0.001), and consuming ≥3 fruits/day (OR = 8.8; CI: 4.9-15.7; p < 0.001) were the items most associated with high adherence to the MD. In conclusion, a high level of adherence to the MD is associated with high-level muscular fitness and CRF in Spanish university students.